Embargoed until 2pm U.s. Eastern Time on the Thursday before This Date:
نویسنده
چکیده
high enantioselectivity and good yield were observed for aryl methyl ketones, with a modest drop in enantioselectivity for electron-poor substrates. Other aryl ketones gave rise to good to excellent e.r.’s, as highlighted by substrate 2h. Heteroaromatics were also well tolerated under the reaction conditions, with thiopheneand furan-derived ketones undergoing highly enantioselective propargylation reactions (2i and 2j). Additionally, an a,b-unsaturated ketone was an excellent substrate for enantioselective propargylation, leading to a 95:5 e.r. (2p). In the case of aliphatic ketones, the catalyst selected on the basis of steric differentiation, giving higher e.r.’s with increased steric bulk on a single side of the ketone (2l to 2o). An e.r. of 85:15 observed for 2-hexanone (2l) is relatively impressive, considering that the catalyst is differentiating a methyl from an n-butyl group. Groups with substitution at the a-position of the ketone substantially enhanced the e.r.’s, as highlighted by ketones with a cyclohexyl (96:4 e.r., 2n) and a t-butyl group (98:2 e.r., 2o). Furthermore, a g-butyrolactone (2q) could be synthesized with a good e.r. from propargylation of an aliphatic ketone with a pendant ester. Our data suggest that steric-electronic correlations provide a means for efficient optimization of a catalytic system and are evidence for a synergistic relationship between these two classically independent variables in reactions. This is especially attractive for optimizing reactions with limited detailed mechanistic and structural understanding and, considering that the modeling is tied to basic physical organic precepts, a greater understanding of the underlying features of asymmetric catalysis should result. The application of this method is not limited to asymmetric catalysis but can potentially be applied to broad areas of chemistry dependent on evaluating the interplay of two (or more) effects on a reaction outcome.
منابع مشابه
Embargoed until 2pm U.s. Eastern Time on the Thursday before This Date:
21. Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online. 22. A. Heger, N. Langer, Astron. Astrophys. 334, 210 (1998). 23. A. P. Crotts, S. R. Heathcote, Nature 350, 683 (1991). 24. J. Xu, A. Crotts, W. Kunkel, Astrophys. J. 451, 806 (1995). 25. B. Sugerman, A. Crotts, W. Kunkel, S. Heathcote, S. Lawrence, Astrophys. J. 627, 888 (2005). 26. N. Soker, Astrophys. J., in pr...
متن کاملEmbargoed until 2pm U.s. Eastern Time on the Thursday before This Date:
27. A. Iida, T. Nakamoto, H. Susa, Icarus 153, 430 (2001). 28. F. H. Shu, H. Shang, A. E. Glassgold, T. Lee, Science 277, 1475 (1997). 29. F. J. Ciesla, Science 318, 613 (2007). 30. D. E. Brownlee et al., 39th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. abstract 1978; www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/ 1978.pdf (2008). 31. K. D. McKeegan et al., 39th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. abstract 2020; www.lpi.usra.edu/m...
متن کاملEMBARGOED UNTIL 2PM U.S. EASTERN TIME ON THE THURSDAY BEFORE THIS DATE: The Rupture and Repair of Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder
To sustain or repair cooperation during a social exchange, adaptive creatures must understand social gestures and the consequences when shared expectations about fair exchange are violated by accident or intent. We recruited 55 individuals afflicted with borderline personality disorder (BPD) to play a multiround economic exchange game with healthy partners. Behaviorally, individuals with BPD sh...
متن کاملEmbargoed until 2pm U.s. Eastern Time on the Thursday before This Date:
could stabilize the oxidized form of the cytochrome subunit (12). From the temperature dependence of the P:QA – → P:QA charge recombination reaction, it was proposed that structural changes occurring in response to electron transfer decrease the free energy gap between P and QA – of RCsph by about 12 kJ mol (23). Similar measurements of the pH dependence of the RCvir charge recombination reacti...
متن کاملUsing the Chained CPI to Index Social Security, Other Federal Programs, and theTax Code for Inflation
This document is embargoed until it is delivered at 9:30 a.m. (EDT) on Thursday, April 18, 2013. The contents may not be published, transmitted, or otherwise communicated by any print, broadcast, or electronic media before that time.
متن کامل